World Hunger Essay -- Essays Papers

World Hunger This web pages goal is to introduce the visitor to the problem of world hunger and go out ways to access more information through books and other web sites. The page was created as a final project for an Environmental History conformation held at the University of Vermont spring semester 2000. Overview World hunger is one of the many dire problems facing the human race. Although the common person probably wont have a heroic impact on ending world hunger, but by being aware of the issues you become empowered. It is first necessary discuss some other the myths around the reasons for world hunger. World hunger is not caused by population increase, but it is one of the factors. The global grain production is high enough to feed the population, which office that supply is not a cause of world hunger. The lack agricultural land is also not a cause of hunger many of the third world nations have the arable land needed to upgrade enough food to feed their people. The real c ause of hunger is the inequality in the lead of food production. The arable land cannot be used to grow food to feed people of third world nations because big corporations buy the land to produce cash crops for exporting. The inequality among nations was formed during colonization. The European powers sought to find land that could produce marketable crops. Small plots of land farmed by families did not produce the strength of marketable goods that would bring profit to the Europeans. Some colo...

Population Growth in Perspective Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Pap

Population Growth in PerspectiveIntroductionTo anyone even remotely acquainted with the situation, the ever-expanding creation population can easily be a cause of grave concern. Indeed, the simple realization that the total world population pass on most likely be doubling within the next ampere-second may seem to imply catastrophe. Considering the strain our current huge population puts on the world, is it not natural to presume that two times our number will spell disaster? While this is the view held by many prominent voices, there also is a less-noticed group of people who contend that the resiliency of the human race and the ingenuity of its people will keep the planet a decent place to live.In this paper, I attempt to critically examine various theories on the size of future population growth and consider what some of the possible results of this growth might be. In the end, I conclude that although there are world-shattering development issues facing the world as a result of the expanding population, the world is probably not headed for ruin.Current Population AwarenessThe dramatic increases in world population over the last decades have not gone unnoticed. The media frequently covers issues related to population growth and control, making most people aware of at least some of the discussions surrounding world population. Many societal problems such as environmental destruction, the spread of virulent disease, and starvation are forecast as a result of the planets increasing population. In fact, overpopulation is often perceived as the number one threat to the world because of its wide ranging effects.Here at Goshen, overpopulation is a popular topic for Senior Seminar papers. Virtually every year, at least one person i... ...93Bailey, Ronald. Ed. The True State of the Planet. Free Press, naked as a jaybird York. 1995Brown, Lester and Kane, Hal. Full House. W.W. Norton and Company, New York.1994Cassen, Robert. Population and Development Old Debates , New Conclusions. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick. 1994Cohen, Joel. How Many People Can the Earth Support?. W.W. Norton and Company,New York. 1995Ehrlich, Paul. The Population Bomb. Ballantine Books, New York. 1968Holland, 1993, as quoted in How Many People Can the Earth Support?Lutz, Wolfgang. The Future of World Population. Population Reference Bureau, June, 1994Spengler, J.J., as quoted in Population A coming upon of Prophets, ed. Edward Pohlman. Mentor Books, New York, 1973That Population Explosion, TIME magazine, January 11, 1960World-wide web siteWeb 1 http//www.carnell.com.overpopulation.html

hard :: essays research papers

Hard Times, by Charles Dickens, was a representation of his time. Times were potent for children and adults alike. People who questioned what they were taught, often went through struggles and hard times. Eventually, the people who were looked down were the ones who really helped those in need. Throughout the book, there are many ironic instances. Thomas Gradgrind was a man built on the appraisal that facts and statistics were the only truth in life and all that was needed to have a healthy and productive life. The only truth to him was his very own survey of the truth. Simple put, Thomas Gradgrind strived for perfection. He strived to be perfect, which is what his philosophy was based on, and he strived to make his children perfect and not to wonder. He raised his children never to wonder, never to enquiry facts and to never entertain any vice or fancy. As soon as Gradgrinds children were old enough to absorb, he was feeding giving more lessons than they could hold. His childr en were brought up only knowing one way to live and that was the idea that if it is not fact, then it is false. He was emotionaless as were his children because they were brought up only knowing what they were taught by him. Eventually, as Gradgrinds children became older, what they were taught began to turn sour in their minds. Tom, Grandgrinds son, began to despise his father and all he was taught and thus began to rebel. He took to smoking and gambling, which eventually light-emitting diode to his downfall. Tom had grown up to become a sycophantic, self-absorbed parasite. He had turned out the exact opposite as hoped. Thomas Gradgrind had raised his children never to wonder, but wondering intrigued them. Gradrgind had observed his children peeking into a circus tent because they were curious as to what was inside. The children were scolded for being curious, but seeds were planted into their minds of how there was more to life than what they had been taught. Futhermore, Tom, a us ually well-behaved child, began to rebel after this incident. At first, he was rebelling in his mind, but eventually, after Tom moved out of his fathers house, so began his more visible rebellion. Once more, this is exactly what Mr. Gradgrind had tried to avoid whilst raising his children. When Tom Gradgrind was in serious trouble because of his gambling debts, he confided in his sister, Louisa.

A Deconstructive Glance at Edgar Allan Poes The City in the Sea Essay

A Deconstructive Glance at Edgar Allan Poes The City in the Sea Always mesmerizing, Edgar Allan Poes poems shed from deep and depressing to dark and grotesque. Certainly this is true of his poem The City in the Sea, which is dark in tone and ambiguous meaning. What does it mean, and where did Poe come up with his concept? There are umpteen possible answers to this question, and interpretations include the phallic and yonic symbols of Freudian theory and the idea of biblical cities as source material exist. Therefore, it seems that critics cannot agree on a definite explication for the poem. Alice Claudel posits that there are mystic symbols in the poem and states that One can piece bits together and form the general narrative from II Chronicles, II Kings, and Daniel, among others (56). The idea that Poe took his ideas from the bible is well founded, but he was too complex a poet to make his poetry that easy or that obvious. Another writer, Dwayne Thorpe, suggests Poe h ad Christian doctrine in mind when he wrote the poem, contending that Poes sources were biblical in nature (395). He continues identification of it biblical source casts some infernal illumination on his use of a Christian work to create a nihilistic vision (395). This goes back to Claudels biblical association, but Thorpe ascribes the city a darker, more sinister meaning. While many critics look at The City in the Sea through a Freudian or biblical lens, a deconstructive approach reveals the image of Deaths inverted Necropolis. deconstruction is the art of ambiguity. The theory posits infinite interpretations to literary works, with most of them just as creative as the work itself. With so many interpretations, no one ... ...ing sole(prenominal) becomes more deeply hidden. The complex maze of twisting, turning, and doubling back of Poes work, specifically The City in the Sea, makes the task of completely deconstructing it almost impossible.Works CitedBressler, Charles E. Literary animadversion An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice, 2003.Claudel, Alice M. Mystic Symbols in Poes The City in the Sea. Papers on Poe Essays in Honor of John hospital ward Ostrom. Ed. Richard P. Veler and Richard Beale Davis. Springfield, OH Chantry Music Press at Wittenburg U, 1972. 54-61.Garrison, Joseph M. Jr. Poes The City in the Sea. Explicator 48.3 (1990) 185-88. Leonard, Douglas N. Poes The City in the Sea. Explicator 43.1 (1984) 30-33.Thorpe, Dwayne. Poes The City in the Sea Source and Interpretation.American Literature 51 (1979) 394-99.

Management and Leadership Skills Essay -- Business, Conflicts, Leaders

IntroductionManagement and lead skills in nursing and other healthcare professions are becoming a more and more widely spoken of subject, as they are essential skills for everyday practice in delivering care (Gopee and Gallo course, 2009). Effective management requires the nurse to be able to draw on evidence based knowledge and experience to develop the ability to manage competently during practice. Skills without knowledge, appropriate attitude and understanding will not equate to susceptibility (Watson, 2002).This piece of work will critically explore the theories about management and leadership in health care. At the beginning it will provide a base understanding of both topics and accountability importance. It will then concentrate on management of conflict, which could be seen in the clinical setting scenario from my current transcription area. It will demonstrate how the use of conflict management theories can be helpful and how I behaved in the role of a manager. Also di fferent leadership styles involved during this conflict situation will be analysed with use of evidence-based literature. To address the subject of confidentiality as per the Nursing & Midwifery Council guidelines (NMC, 2008), no names or acquire location of the hospital placement will be mentioned.Conflict management and leadershipMurray and Dicroce (2003) suggest that management is a process that uses resources to achieve specific goals efficaciously basic management functions including planning, organising, coordinating, directing and controlling. The term of manager can be appointed to the person to plan, organise, coordinate, supervise, negotiate, evaluate and use resources available in the best way possible to achieve the best service. Alternativ... ...ively, nurses should not only have sufficient evidence-based knowledge and skills, but also a caring and compassionate attitude.This essay presented a scenario, which at first, may have seemed to be trivial. However, it offer ed a clear presentation of conflict between two members of staff, manager and staff nurse, with me being a apprentice manager trying to resolve the issue. I have developed knowledge about conflict management theory, especially the importance of trying to achieve a win-win situation between the two different leadership styles, to be precise, autocratic and democratic. It was not an easy task to manage a conflict situation as a learner, but acquiring this new knowledge and experience has helped me to build my confidence and identify not only my strengths, but also weaknesses, which I am going to work on in the future as a newly qualified nurse.

Management and Leadership Skills Essay -- Business, Conflicts, Leaders

IntroductionManagement and leadership skills in nursing and other healthcare professions are becoming a more and more widely spoken of subject, as they are essential skills for everyday practice in delivering care (Gopee and Galloway, 2009). Effective management requires the nurse to be able to draw on evidence based knowledge and experience to develop the ability to manage competently during practice. Skills without knowledge, appropriate attitude and understanding give not equate to competency (Watson, 2002).This piece of work will critically explore the theories about management and leadership in health care. At the starting time it will provide a base understanding of both topics and accountability wideness. It will then concentrate on management of conflict, which could be seen in the clinical setting scenario from my current placement area. It will demonstrate how the use of conflict management theories can be helpful and how I behaved in the role of a manager. Also differe nt leadership styles involved during this conflict situation will be analysed with use of evidence-based literature. To address the subject of confidentiality as per the Nursing & Midwifery Council guidelines (NMC, 2008), no names or exact location of the hospital placement will be mentioned.Conflict management and leadershipMurray and Dicroce (2003) suggest that management is a run that uses resources to achieve specific goals effectively basic management functions including planning, organising, coordinating, directing and controlling. The term of manager can be appointed to the person to plan, organise, coordinate, supervise, negotiate, evaluate and use resources acquirable in the best way possible to achieve the best service. Alternativ... ...ively, nurses should not only have sufficient evidence-based knowledge and skills, moreover also a warmth and compassionate attitude.This essay presented a scenario, which at first, may have seemed to be trivial. However, it offered a clear presentation of conflict between two members of round, manager and staff nurse, with me being a learner manager trying to resolve the issue. I have developed knowledge about conflict management theory, especially the importance of trying to achieve a win-win situation between the two different leadership styles, to be precise, autocratic and democratic. It was not an easy task to manage a conflict situation as a learner, but acquiring this new knowledge and experience has helped me to build my confidence and identify not only my strengths, but also weaknesses, which I am going to work on in the future as a newly qualified nurse.

Service Learning And Integration Within Community Education Essay

The impression community is interpreted as the extent at which educatee instructors would travel in lending their run to the community. Service accomplishment is an integrating of schoolman survey with community. It means savants can use what they have run acrossed during divine service larning to their academic life. Group Endeavours in Service Learning ( GESL ) was do compulsory to all freshers in an attempt to advance service larning in subject field Institute of Education ( NIE ) . school-age child instructors are indiscriminately grouped together to organize a squad and are led by an assigned coach. They so meet up on a regular basis to be after an event for a non-profit organisation of their pick. Point to observe that Service usurp/GESL defers from community service. Community service involves voluntary work for the community. GESL on the other manus, is a mandatory group attempt to supply service through acquisition, reflecting and schooling the community. The refore, GESL can be really good for scholar instructors as they are able to lend back to the community.Unfortunately, I find that clip is a chemical element when be aftering an event. It farther adds on to the work load a pupil instructor already has. Therefore, does making a good cause seems like a load to student instructors now? If NIE makes GESL non-compulsory, would student instructors still take up this service larning on their ain or as a group? Student instructors have to take a stance for themselves as to whether GESL is good or merely a waste of clip. As back up by ( Butin, 2005 ) , a pupil can non stay impersonal when prosecuting in service acquisition as that would place virtuosoself in a immune individuality. In this state of affairs, we tend to wonder the effectivity of service acquisition in jaring a pupil s academic life. Since GESL completion is necessarily required within a twelvemonth, a pupil instructors part may look nonvoluntary. Furthermore, GESL has no re scholarship unit awarded after its completion.In this paper, I sought to find whether the chief aim of service acquisition is lost through the procedure. In add-on, I will besides happen disclose factors that hinder a pupil s engagement in GESL. Hence, if there is no accent on GESL, would student instructors volunteer for service larning throughout their academic life in NIE? This inquiry will be examined farther in this paper.Methods and MethodologyA questionnaire was designed to happen out the impact of service acquisition ( GESL ) on first twelvemonth undergraduates at National Institute of Education ( NIE ) . The mark try comprises 10 Bachelor of Humanistic disciplines pupils majoring in different academic topics. GESL was introduced to all freshers in NIE and hence first twelvemonth pupils were chosen for this study. The study was conducted through a face-to-face meet up session and participants were required to finish a questionnaire signifier on the topographic point. S tudents were surveyed on their voluntaryness, understanding and outlook of GESL. Five inquiries were include in the questionnaire.The first inquiry asked pupils whether they knew the difference in the midst of service acquisition and community service. A yes and no options were given to them. The responses from this inquiry will reflect pupils choker of these two services. A misunderstanding could be a conducive factor to GESL being involuntarily completed.In the 2nd inquiry, pupils were required to take one out of four options given. The inquiry asked them on what they expect to fall from GESL. The four options were Experience/Satisfaction , Academic Credits , Certificate and Good repute ( Example, for sketch ) . Additionally, a 5th open-ended option was made available for them to stipulate any relevant reply. This inquiry was intended to happen out the intent or clear that a pupil expects from GESL. Collated consequences for this inquiry were compared with the ch ief aim of service larning to reflect a consistence throughout the procedure.The 3rd inquiry asked pupils whether they would desire GESL to be made non-compulsory. A yes and no options were given to them. This inquiry was chosen to back up the forth inquiry that asked pupil instructors on how long they are willing to fulfil to GESL. The forth inquiry had four options and they were one twenty-four hours , one hebdomad , one month and one twelvemonth . Students acuteness in lending their services will be determined by both inquiry three and four.Last, the fifth and the 6th inquiry were open-ended inquiries. Student instructors were asked what they enjoyed most about GESL and what they enjoyed least about GESL in inquiry 5 and 6 severally. Both inquiries aimed at happening out what pupil instructors gained from GESL and what are the possible factors that hinders them during the procedure.Findingss and DiscussionThe per centum of pupils responses to oppugn 1 is shown in tabular array 1. It can be seen that 70 % answered yes and 30 % answered no to this inquiry. The high per centum of yes is perchance delinquent to the changeless briefings and negotiations on GESL by NIE, which has enabled pupils to better understand the differences between these two services. However, the little per centum of 30 % indicates that there are pupils who still misinterpreted service larning to be similar to community service.Even though there are a high per centum of pupils who knew the differences, so to what widen do they cognize about GESL? The fact that GESL has to be completed within a twelvemonth, pupils might desire to merely acquire it over and done with. This is supported by ( Clark & A Young, 2005 ) who states that service larning without deep reliable battle would merely be a normal field miscue for pupils.( Clark & A Young, 2005 ) besides highlighted the limited position or apprehension of service acquisition When viewed as merely assisting tho se less fortunate, pupils may neglect to see the buy the farm that their ain privilege dramas in the kineticss of power ( p. 72 )The manner pupils view service-learning will as such determine what they do with it and how they do it. Students with equal cognition on service acquisition would be able to hold a deeper apprehension and grasp for GESL as compared to pupils with minimum position of it. Therefore a pupil s intent and aim were non wholly lost during the procedure just it was non even established at the start.In Table 2, it shows the responses from pupils on what they expect to derive from GESL. A high per centum chose experience/satisfaction , followed by academic credits and good repute . Indeed experience and satisfactions are one of the expected results of GESL. This is supported by ( Group Endeavours in Service Learning, 2005 ) which quotation mark GESL is an experiential acquisition experience for trainees to get and develop accomplishments in undertaking di rection, self- and team-development, and community service. Table 2 besides shows that 30 % of pupil expects to derive academic credits from GESL. Unfortunately, GESL is mandatory and has no recognition units awarded after its completion which make pupils experience burdened. With key out to inquiry 6, the same 30 % of pupils who expect to derive academic credits from GESL provinces that what they enjoyed least about GESL is it being very clip devouring. Hence, we can see that this 30 % wants their clip to be rewarded alternatively of interchanging it for valuable experiences.Surprisingly, the same 30 % of pupils responses to oppugn 5 was non consistent with inquiry 2. They expected to derive academic credits but alternatively what they enjoyed most about GESL was the ability to run into new friends and meaningful experiences . Therefore, this shows that to appreciate service larning better, one has to travel through the fuss of planning and forming foremost. They would so be able to harvest the priceless wagess from this undertaking. Ultimately, the pupils did interchange their clip with meaningful experiences.Next, the pupils were asked on whether they want GESL to be made non-compulsory. As seen in table 3, 60 % of the pupil answered yes and staying 40 % answered no . The difference between the per centums is instead little, which mean there are pupils who still want GESL to be made compulsory. Why do pupils desire GESL to be made compulsory? The ground could perchance be them seeking to avoid the incommodiousness of registering for GESL on their ain. They do non mind assisting out but it is non something they are passionate about. This is supported by ( Jones, Gilbride-Brown, & A Gasiorski, 2005 ) Like volunteering for a specific organisation when ( pupils in his leading and service bookmans plan ) in worldwide merely like assisting out and volunteering, non because they want to endeavor to rectify a societal job, merely because they like ass isting out. ( p. 15 )However, the high per centum showed that GESL should be non-compulsory, but would student instructors still contribute their service to the community? GESL has a undertaking life of one academic twelvemonth. With mention to postpone 4, merely 20 % are willing to perpetrate to serve larning for one twelvemonth. A figure of 20 % is exceptionally low. On the contrary, 40 % of the pupils are more willing to make service larning for one twenty-four hours, which defeats the intent of GESL.Furthermore, the aims of GESL can non be accomplished in one twenty-four hours or one hebdomad. Due to the deficiency of pupils engagement for the past few old ages, NIE had to do GESL compulsory for all freshers. As for the twelvemonth 2011, doing GESL compulsory will merely ensue in nonvoluntary part but high engagement rate compared to old old ages. Therefore, doing GESL non-compulsory will merely take to similar tendency that happened in the yesteryear lower engagement rate. Students would instead rate on their academic faculty alternatively of GESL.DecisionTo reason, I looked into possible factors that are impeding pupil instructors during GESL and how this minimizes the impact of service larning on them. Through the study consequences, I was assured that clip was decidedly the chief factor refering pupils. From experience, it was hard to hold on a common timeslot for a meeting as everyone had different academic timetables. Hence, alternatively of sing GESL as a good undertaking, pupils find GESL to be really clip consuming.A pupil who engage in GESL with a brain that planning and organizing is merely a waste of clip GESL will so be that manner. Therefore, it is of import to re-iterate the importance of holding a constructive position of GESL sooner being involved. Another lending factor was the rejection pupils received from the non-profit organisations themselves. What is surprising here is that pupils want to supply their services but these orga nisations were non acute in accepting their proposals due to certain restraints. On a whole, with all these factors impeding them, would pupils still volunteer for service larning throughout their academic life? From my position, they will take part in service acquisition, provided NIE do alterations to GESL so that pupils view it more positively. As suggested by ( Clark & A Young, 2005 ) Devoid of any brooding activities that require pupils to link their experiences in service sites to their schoolroom work, service-learning becomes, at best, volunteerism and at worst, simply the logging of hours toward a community service graduation requirement. ( pg. 72 )Normally, after the completion of GESL, pupils had to finish a elementary self-reflection signifier. NIE should supply a deeper reflective activity whereby pupils can use their experiences to their academic work. This is supported by ( Torres, n.d ) that province, Without contemplation, pupils merely describe on experiences alternatively of analyzing what they do impact themselves and those they serve. ( p. 3 )In this manner, GESL will non be perceived as merely a waste of clip but a undertaking that is relevant and impactful to their academic life. GESL could so be promoted as a instruction method that bonds both theoretical cognition and educational experiences together.Since some factors are inevitable, it is still of import to attempt that pupil instructors service larning journey is a smooth and meaningful 1. As future instructors, it would be much easier for them to promote their pupils to follow suit when they themselves understood and experienced how informative service acquisition can be. Furthermore, service acquisition can be promoted as a pedagogical tool when they venture out to learn in the hereafter.

Returning to School at 29: My Experience Essay

Revised Returning to School Returning to prepare at this time in my life has been a gigantic challenge, Im 29 years old and I know I have a long ways to go but Ive had so many dreams ans aspiration that I wanted to complete before I turn 29. I plan to be done with college at 23 years old but ended up becoming pregnant at 22 years old and a mother at 23 years old so that shifted things for me with reverting to educate fully committed to my studies.During that time I just stayed working and making me and my sons life a little easier. So when the time was right to start school again I will be fully ready. Ive forever and a day planned to go to college right after high school which I did at Los Angeles Southwest Community College located in California and then disembark out because of family issues and continue to tried to find my way back into college enrolling and dropping out not staying focus on my education.And now Im at a point where I have to last this time. Returning to col lege has had its moments like when I started school I was afraid of returning because it has been a go since Ive been in school over 10 years and returning I felt was going to be challenging for me learning new things and hold on new learning materials and being able to complete assignments especially online which was some what new to me because Ive never went to school online before and didnt know what to expect.I remember when I was taking my first course I had got a little overwhelm with the homework assignments being due and adjusting to my new post at the Senior Center and my job as a Security Guard and was at a point of wanting to withdraw form school because it. simply after getting some guidance form my admission counselor and how he explained to me how dedicated I was in the beginning before returning to school made me realize how unfortunate it would have been to end my education journey just because I got timid and scared and wanted to stop.But has I olfactory percept ion back on it I also realize that I was trying to take the easy way out from fears of returning to school. Since that time me returning to school has been a blessing and has giving me a new purpose to my life meaning for me its never to late to go back to college no military issue how old you get, and I feel good about myself that Im accomplishing something Ive always wanted which is graduating from college and earning my degree.Being in college has always been my dream to finish and actually have a good paying job with benefits for me and my son which has always been a goal of mind to not depend on globe assistance for healthcare for my son and to be able to do it on my own. In closing I now appreciate my decision on returning to college again and finally reaching my goal that Ive always wanted. I will continue to stay encourage and positive through my journey to success.

Dow Pbb

Dow Chemical By Kai Draaisma Laurens de Blij Diedrik Oost Eva Sloff Lesley Flohil 13-11-2012 Duisenberg School of Finance Executive summary 1. Summary of Facts. With an annual receipts of $20. 2 billion Dow held the leading commercialize position worldwide in ethylene and polyethylene (exhibit 1b). To consolidate all of Bahia Blancas polyethylene activity low Dows control a three-stage plan was developed. The first stage involved victorious control of PBB, the second stage involved acquiring Polisurs devil polyethylene rigs, and the third stage involved building a new ethylene cracker.To determine a proper dish out a chance premium Dow had to consider achievable country trys. Currency and government policy jeopardy may have had an impact because of possible future crises and changing government policies relevant to foreign investments. Furthermore, because of the conclusion of the convertibility law Dow in affixition had to consider a possible exchange-rate risk. Dow cr eated a holding corporation, Dow Investment Argentina, to invest in the project, then they had to decide whether they exit use usual corporate funds or raise debt for the PBB bid. 2. Statement of problem . 1General analysis Rational for Acquisition of PBB Dow Chemicals corporate strategy is to look for horizontal- and plumb integration, achieve technological leadership and gain inter content front end. Dow entrust benefit from a more integrated production process by lowering their apostrophize of production. PBB go away also create stable supplies of ethane for Dow allowing them to achieve operating rates near 100%. Cracking ethane in the region will result in lower operating risk for Dow meaning the supply/input risk for the production of Polyethylene.An add in the production output of Dow will allow them to benefit from economies of scale. Overall Dow will gain technology leadership and operational excellence from adding PBB to their company and enhance them with a costle ader position in the market required to compete with the government-subsidized chemical complexes. bump measurement In this section we provide a brief risk analysis. Table 1 is designed to institutionalise a compact overview of the different risks, possible mitigating actions and whether the risks be integrated in the cash flow or discount rate.Not every risk was applicable in the acquisition of PBB. The risk that influenced our cash flows the most is the currency risk caused by a possible liquidity crisis in Argentina. Argentina has experienced eight study currency crises (tijd/reference)and there is a risk of a new currency crisis in the future. When this happens, Dow will not be able to sell its output to the position country and will have to increase its export. Revenue de We have also shoot downn into account that the convertibility law that now provides stability could eventually stop. This will also have a substantive impact on inflation. run risk is the second risk wi th a large impact on projected cash flows. This is generally the risk of not collecting the full operating capacity. For the first 3 years we keep the operating rate of the plant at 65% and from 1995 we increase the operating rate by 5% each year. Other risks had less of an impact on our cash flows. Information risk was less of an issue because Dow was already present in Argentina and PBB was important to the government of Argentina. Corporate Governance risk in Argentina is not expected to have a signifi stomacht additional impact on cash flows.This risk is already included in the discount rate for similar projects in the US. Table 1 Risk overview Risk Mitigating actions Cash Flow (CF) or Discount rate (DR) putrescence risk 1. Have a large bank loan from a national bank. 2. Government stake of 49% here is a mitigating factor DR Expropriation risk Same actions as for corruption risk CF (tax wil increase 5%) run risk (only post/ completion risks ) n/a CF Sovereign risk Through t he convertibility law, the peso has been anchored to the USD to prevent hyperinflation. DR Currency/ Foreign exchange risk 1.Dow is a well diversified investor, therefore this should be mitigated. 2. Buy put options on the Arg peso. CF Corporate Governance risk Give shares to management to set incentives. DR Repatriation risk Current political climate is stable, not likely that Arg will impose limits on fund outflows. DR Information Risk Dow Chemical already has presence in Argentina, therefore are more likely to receive high quality selective information. n/a Adjusted discount rate All risks that are not used for adjusting cash flows are integrated in the adjusted discount rate.These risks include but are not limited to corruption risk, information risk, hyperinflation, sovereign risk, repatriation risk and other residual risks. These risks are partly mitigated, however all the different risks combined constitute a premium which we will add on to the the given discount rate for similar projects in the US of 8%-10%. A reasonable assumption for the combined premium will be . The auumed premium results in a discount rate of which we will use in our further valuation. 4. Recommendation Bidding decisionCompeting bidders strike to comply with certain covenants (exhibit 6). Competitors Perez Companc S. A. and Copesul do not comply with the requirements of having a statement of net worth of at least 5 billion. Even if the two companies would merge they do not meet the the requirements. This makes Dow the sole bidder for PBB. This has a profound impact on the internal valuation. Appendix 1 Risk Information risk. When you are doing a cross-border valuation you have to take into account that there may be information risk.This includes the risk of outside investors getting the wrong information because of poor disclosure in the monetary statements. provided since Dow entered Argentina in 1957 we assume they are familiar with the market and accounting rules, therefore information risk for this project is low as Dow chemical has already collected country experience in Argentina via Dow Quimica. Because this is difficult to quantify we have taken this into account in our discount rate. Corruptionrisk. The risk of corruption includes the vicious payments and favors outside the rule of law.Corruption exists to some extent in all countries, but there are large differences across countries. According to the Global Corruption king by Transparancy international, the level of corruption for Argentina in 1995 was given a 5. 24 out of a possible score of 10. This gave them a ranking of 24 out of 42 countries surveyed. All of which were assumed to be developed countries. However, Dow somehow secured itself thanks to PBBs importance and the Argentine governments intention to keeps 49% which is an advantage and not a disadvantage.The Argentine government will also appreciate the jobs being created in the later project stages, if successful, and a g ood kin with the government willlikely also be beneficial when discussing with YPF about long-term ethane supply. Mitigation Part of this risk seat be mitigated by taking a loan in Argentina to finance the project as the government will not want Dow to default on their debt resulting in an boilers suit bad outcome for Argentinas economic situation. Furthermore part of this risk is mitigated as the government has a stake in the company so it is also in their interest to keep the company strong.Currency risk As Argentina has experienced 8 major currency crises in the departed there is the risk of a new currency crisis occuring in the future. Even though the convertibility law took away some of the risk, Dow will still have to fall apart in mind that when a crises happen, they will not be able to sell their output to the home country and will have to increase its export. This risk is taken into account in the cashflows. Expropriation risk. Political instability or expropriation is small as they company has had a stable democratic government past 12 years.However, changes in the policy of the government will cause a risk for Dow and their foreign investments. At that moment there were no restrictions on borrowing abroad and there were no limits imposed on payments of foreign loan principal and interest. If something changes in this regulations it may have an effect on the acquisition of Dow. For this reason we will also include this risk in our discount rate. Furthermore the government has no limits on cash flows going out of their country but can eventually decide to do so.We consider the risk of the government taking over the company to be low as the production of polyethylene and filiation ethylene from hydrocarbon crackers is complex. This is a process for skilled people and not just anyone can therefore run the company properly. The risk of expropriation is therefore low. As the production of ethylene and derivatives such as polythylene is a highly com plicated process, requiring large captial investment and a high operating leverage, not many companies will be able and willing to take over the business.Furthermore as Polythylene is a commodity product that trades globally with a narrow price range. MitigationDow can decrease the risk mental picture by taking on a loan in Argentina to finance their project. This will decrease the risk exposure as Dow can only default on their debt when the government decides to raise taxes, which will not lead to a company default. Foreign Exchange arrange Risk. Foreign Exhange rate risk will be low because of Dow Chemicals international presence and the assumption that shareholders are sufficiently diversified. The convertibility law which ensured a fixed Argentine peso and U.S. dollar at exactly one already decrease the foreign exchange rate risk. However we need to take into account the risk that the convertibility law might come to an end. Mitigation The risk can be decreased by setting up b inding financial contracts with the governmetn to make sure the deal will happen. Furthermore Dow could decide to place a put option on the peso to protect themselves when the peso collapses. Operating risk Pre-completion as the project is already completed there is no risk concerning the technology risks or other completion risk.Post-completion we have included the post-completion risk in our cashflows as we run the risk of not meeting the full operating capacity. For the first 3 years we keep the operating rate of the plant at 65% and from 1995 we increase the operating rate by 5% each year. As the company provides their own input this risk does not need to be taken into account. Operating risk would likely matter but we handled that risk by adjsuting down our casfhlows in stage 1 so we do not take it into account for adjusting our cost of capitalSovereign risk Politcal events suchs as wars, labor strikes, terrorism and changes in laws can happen in any country you wager with and therefore needs to be taken into account. Since it is hard to quantify this risk we have handled it through the discount rate. Appendix 2 Source Erb, Harvey Viskanta, Poltical risk,Economic risk and fiscal risk, Fuqua School of Business Working Paper No. 9606, 1996. 1 . For broader news report of the different risks see Appendix 1 2 .According to the Global Corruption Index by Transparancy international the level of corruption for Argentina in 1995 was given a 5. 24 out of a possible score of 10. This gave them a ranking of 24 out of 42 countries surveyed. All of which were developed countries more or less. Source http//archive. transparency. org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/previous_cpi 3 . See Appendix 1 for an explanation of the mitigating factors of the before mentioned risks 4 . This conclusion was reached byTaking the total assets as net worth on the financial statements of Perez on Copesul (exhibit 8a &8b).

Health maintenance organizations Essay

There are nine private payer proposals which include preferred supplier organizations (PPO), health of importtenance organizations (HMO), point of service (POS). Indemnity plans live the most for employees and they usually have to choose a PPO plan. The new consumer driven health plan (CDHP) which a lot of people are picking, it has a last deductible combined with a funding option of some type. All of the plans have unique features for coverage of services and financial responsibility. PPO plans are the most favourite plan that docs, clinics, hospitals, and pharmacies contract with.One of the reasons that the PPO plans are so popular is because they pay the doctors a discounted fee for service based on their fee schedule. PPO plans offer a low premium that has a higher deductible or the other option is a high premium with a lower deductible. The affected roles are creditworthy to pay a copayment, and there is also a yearly deductible that the patient has to pay out of pocket. If a patient sees a doctor outside(a) of the network without a referral, the plan will pay less and the patient is responsible for the remainder of the fee.Patients have their choice of providers, but if the patient goes to a out-of-network provider it will cost more. One thing to remember though is that all non-emergency services require pre-authorization. With HMO plans there is a list of providers that the patient erect only go to, if they go to a doctor that is not in the list of providers they will have to pay extra. The only way that a patient should see a provider out of the network is if it is an emergency. HMOs have an annual premium and a copayment that is due at the time of service.The main services the HMOs cover is preventive and wellness checks and disease management. However, in order for complete coverage the enrollees must see a doctor that offers an HMO plan. The providers manage the care and referrals are required, low payments, ad this plan does cover preventat ive care. The indemnity plan allows the patient to see any doctor but there are preauthorizations required for some of the procedures. Their features are higher costs, there are deductibles, coinsurance payments, and preventative care is not usually covered.Consumer control Health Plans (CDHP) has two elements that are included in this plan. One being a health plan, which is normally a PPO. This plan has a higher deductible and lower premium. Second is the special savings account which is used to pay medical bills before deductible is met. Point of service (POS) is similar to an HMO plan specifically called an open HMO. This plan reduces restrictions, allowing members to choose providers outside of the HMO. However, a penalty fee is charged.

Flexibility of Adapting Essay

tax 5 GivenCurriculum guides onlyow you the flexibility of adapting your instruction to the soul learning claims of your disciples. . . . You will also want to remain flexible in choosing the level of behavi literal complexity of your unit and lesson outcomes. For these decisions, the information you will need to determine the complexity of your objectives to the needs of your bookmans will come from their in-class oral responses, practice exercises, surgical operation assessments, homework, and tests. You will want to use these often to adjust the level of your instruction to your learners (Borich, 2004, p. 130). sop up the motion-picture show clip appropriate to your area of emphasis (see web links below).Elementary Content Area Reading Secondary MemoryNote Do non respond to any prompts or questions included in the video clips. If the video stops when a question appears, press the play symbol to resume the video. TaskA. After viewing the video, write responses to the pr ompts (12 paragraphs per prompt) using the Guided Reflection Protocol Form. To access the form, follow these instructions Click on the Add/ tailor Work button. Click on the Form tab. Answer the questions in the form. If you need additional space, include a Word attachment with your response. B. Review your state standards and admit a lesson or lesson plan that includes a adroitness or concept appropriate to your area of emphasis. Write an essay (suggested length of 23 pages) in which you 1. Describe how to adjust guided and independent practice for the skill or concept you selected in part B that is appropriate for a. students experiencing knockouty understanding the skill or concept b. students progressing at a double-quick rate than average2. Include five techniques appropriate for monitoring student performance in place to adjust interactive instruction. Note These techniques should be based on an analysis of student performance during different phases of direct instructio n (e.g., daily review and requisite checks, positation of new concepts, guided practice, independent practice, periodic reviews).a. Identify which phase/stage of direct instruction matches each of your chosen monitoring techniques from part B2. i. confirm each of the pairings from part B2a.3. Describe how you might adjust instruction using information gained from devil of the monitoring techniques from part B2 to reteach, remediate, and/or accelerate student performance as feedback data directs. Note Be sure your instructional adjustments address the needs of students experiencing difficulty as well as students progressing at a faster rate than average. Task 6 IntroductionPsychologists have long known that our interpretation, assimilation, and mastery of new learning is influenced by our existing mental sets, which are create by our past and current experiences, learning, and interests. The current idea research on memory and learning is helping us to understand exactly how th e brain whole works and how educators can best tap into the brains natural learning potential. Slavin (2006) writes The human mind is a meaning maker. From the first microsecond you see, hear, taste, or feel something, you pour down a process of deciding what it is, how it relates to what you already know, and whether it is important to keep in your mind or should be discarded. (p. 166)We not only assimilate new learning with our former understandings, but our very perception of what we consider reality is influenced by our learning, preconceived notions, and mental integrations of the past. While the notion of prerequisite skills in learning is a recognition that prior learning and experience can affect the current learning of new skills or concepts, the effect of the past often extends beyond classroom skills and concepts into a students total life.Review chapter 6 of Educational Psychology Theory Into Practice to get a better understanding of what current brain research tells u s about the importance of linking instruction to prior experiences or interests. Another resource that you will find useful as you work on this task is Connecting Brain Research with Dimensions of Learning (see web link below). RequirementsWrite a brief essay (suggested length of 2 pages) in which you do the spare-time activityA. Explain how students past experiences, interests, and thought processes can influence the learning of current content area concepts. 1. Illustratethe link between past experiences, student interest, and present learning. 2. Discuss each of the following key principles of brain-based learning importance of meaningful learning knowledge background levels of processing development of neural connections relevance trigger off prior knowledge (schema theory)B. Explain why consideration of past experiences, learning, and student interests should be an important part of lesson planning for the teacher. 1. Include specific examples from brain-based research to of fer your explanation. Task 7IntroductionIn this task, you will assess the adequacy of the lessons in basis of the attributes of curricular design. View the following videos.Teachscape Directions1. Select the title or topic of the video to be viewed from the list of web links provided at the bottom of this task. 2. Scroll down the left side bar to find the field of study of the video specified below. Click to open the tracts and locate the tab labeled video. You may need to open various folders to identify the correct video folder located on the left side bar. 3. Click the triangle to begin the video.Note Do not respond to any prompts or questions included in the video clips. Elementary and secondary program students should access the following video clips Topic Pre-Algebra Pan Balance EquationsRequirementsA. Write an essay in which you evaluate the lesson in terms of the following attributes of curricular design (12 paragraphs per attribute) 1. The lesson has a clear purpose that is transmitted during the lesson presentation. 2. The lesson refers to background knowledge and information from previous lessons. 3. The lesson has a clear spoken language method(s) (e.g., direct instruction, indirect instruction, cooperative learning, inquiry, self-directed learning). 4. The lesson addresses a variety of learning styles and intelligences. 5. The lesson provides for assessment of student understanding. Task 8IntroductionAccording to Alan Hofmeister and Margaret Lubke, Pacing has two dimensions. They say, One dimension, curriculum pacing, is concerned with the rate at which progress is made through the curriculum. The second dimension, lesson pacing, is concerned with the pace at which a teacher conducts individual lessons. One team of researchers summed up the importance of pacing as followsResearchers have shown that most students, including low-achieving students, learn much when their lessons are conducted at a brisk pace, because more content gets covered by students. This assumes, of course, that the lesson is at a level of difficulty that permits a high rate of student success material that is too difficult or presented poorly cannot be learned at any instructional pace Wyne, Stuck, White, & Coop, 1986, p. 20. (Hofmeister & Lubke, 1999, p. 19) RequirementsIf you are enrolled in the Early Childhood Education program, focus your banter on grades 13.If you are pursuing a K8 teaching certification, focus your discussion on grades 58. If you plan to teach science, math, or social science at the secondary level, focus your discussion on grades 912. Write a brief essay (suggested length of 23 pages) in which you do the following A. Explain the need for lesson pacing in a classroom.B. Explain how pacing differs for a class that includes English language learner (ELL) students from a class that does not include ELL students. C. Explain how the complexity of lesson content can influence lesson pacing with a class that includes ELL students.D. When you use sources, include all in-text citations and references in APA format. Task 9InrtroductionThe analysis and evaluation of student work is an important fate of your skills as a teacher. The development and use of tools to aid in your analysis and evaluation are tasks that should be applied in all areas of the curriculum.Find one of your state objectives that could be appropriately assessed by having students give oral and compose presentations. For example, the objective Compare cultures from different parts of the Eastern Hemisphere in terms of each of the following components politics, society, the arts, nutrition, economics, and ethnicity could be measured by having students give oral presentations and write reports on what they have learned about Eastern Hemisphere cultures.Requirements A. Identify a state objective from one of the core content faculty member areas that can be measured through oral presentations and written reports. Note Clearly identify the state fr om which the objective was taken, the grade level, and the subject. The objective must be focused on the core content area (i.e., science, math, social studies, history, geography, or another core content area) and not on an oral presentation or written report skill.B. Develop a rubric that could be used to assess the students oral presentations. Your rubric should include the following 1. a gain component that indicates at least three levels of performance (e.g., the student met expectations, exceeded expectations, or was below expectations) 2. a scoring component that addresses at least three aspects of the students presentation (e.g., length of presentation, ability to answer questions, content level)C. Develop a rubric that could be used to assess the students written reports. Your rubric should include the following 1. a scoring componentthat indicates at least three levels of performance (e.g., the student met expectations, exceeded expectations, or was below expectations) 2. a scoring component that addresses at least three aspects of the students report (e.g., grammar and mechanics, inclusion of all required components, accuracy of content, length of report) Task 10IntroductionThe sample worksheet (see attachment below) was given to students in a math class to complete independently. The rubric used to assess the responses and a sampling of student answers and scores are also included.RequirementsA. Identify which students will need to be retaught the math content.B. Describe (suggested length of 23 paragraphs) two mathematical strengths for each student whose response indicates the need to reteach the math content.C. Briefly disembowel (suggested length of 23 paragraphs) two mathematical weaknesses for each student whose response indicates the need to reteach the math content.

“Is Reengineering and Strategy Implementation Just Another Management Fad or Does It Offer Something of Lasting Value?”

1. 0 Introduction Implementation is the challenge that comes at the devastation of all late-made (and old) methods for improving organizations. Strategic planning, architecture development, spay attention, total quality make doment, new information systems technologies, and re-engineering, be some of the concepts that atomic number 18 being advocated to kernel a stem turn improvement organizational accomplishment. Advocates of each concept, however, struggle when questioned about successful effectuation (Deshpande and Parasuraman, 1986).Strategic planning belles-lettres abounds on how to develop a plan, but there is comparatively little said about how to implement a strategicalal plan once it is true. Reengineering is a radical rethinking of an organization and its cross- sufficeal, lengthwise offshootes ( lb, 1993). After its introduction reengineering had taken corporations by storm. In a survey of over 500 chief information officers (CIOs), the average CIO is inv olved in 4. 4 re-engineering juts (Moad, 1993). Walmart (example 1) is seen as one of the successful executers of reengineering.Despite the excitement over reengineering, however, the rate of cuckoldure for re-engineered projects is over 50 per cent (Stewart, 1993). Hammer and Champy (1993) estimate as much as a 70 per cent failure rate. Luthfansa AG (example 2) is one such alliance. Such is the position that reengineering is labelled as a centering fad. This paper looks to explore the facets of scheme effectuation, reegineering that and analyze the label of fad is a worthy one or does the two offer a perdurable value. 2. 0 Literature Review 2. The evolution of reengineering The concept of reengineering was first presented in two articles published simultaneously by Hammer (1990) and Davenport and Short (1990). Reengineering is a only new prelude with regard to the ideas and models employ for improving commerce Hammer and Champy (1993). The reengineering approach is a res ult of the combination of concepts from different schools, including strategic IT systems, quality, systems thinking, industrial engineering, and technological innovation. The increasing power of ustomers, competitors and todays unendingly ever-changing telephone line environment, forced many organisations to recognise the need to move away from focalisation on individual tasks and functions to focusing on more(prenominal) communicated, integrated and co-ordinated ways of work by looking at operations in terms of business kneades (Davenport, 1993). 2. 2 Defining reengineering Several researchers and practitioners have defined reengineering in different ways with different emphases. The succeeding(a) are some of those definitions the fundamental rethinking and radical plan of business playes to earn dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service and speed (Hammer and Champy, 1993, p. 32). a methodical process that us es information technology to radically modernize business process and thereby attain major business goals (Alter, 1990, p. 32). The fundamental rethinking and redesign of operating processes and organisational mental synthesis, focused on the organisations core competencies, to turn over dramatic improvements in organisational performance (Lowenthal, 1994, p. 2). During the last decade, many authors have produced ideas regarding what reengineering in reality is. And thus, to conclude that there is only a single theoretical proposition underpinning reengineering stiff debatable. The following table shows that there are three recognisable spatial relations to reengineering as suggested by Tinnila (1995), i. e. strategic, operational and organisational perspectives. pic Figure 1 Summary of definition of reengineering (Khong and Richardson, 2003) Despite the differences in definitions, and terminology, the emphasis in all hese definitions and in the reengineering -related literatu re, is on redesigning business processes using a radical IT-enabled approach to organisational change. 2. 3 The need for reengineering Reengineering is motivated by orthogonal drivers, internal drivers, or both. External drivers are related mainly to the increased level of competition, the changes in nodes needs, IT changes, and changes in regulations (Grover etal. , 1993). Internal drivers are mainly related to changes in both organisational strategies and structures. External driversThe increasing level of competition in the global market has emphasised the need for organisational innovation to cope with global standards of products and services. reengineering is approached as a tool to improve dramatically business performance and result competitive position (Schnitt, 1993). First field Bank of Chicago (example 3), reengineered in ready to cargo hold up with the stiff global competition Davenport (1993a), also believe that re-engineering is driven by the never-ending needs of customers to look for better services and products.IBM Credit corporation (example 4) reengineered primarily for satisfying the customer or providing superior customer service. Owing to the unsettled changes in the global business environment, social life, technological and organisational practices, and economical situations, new rules and regulations are introduced to reflect these changes (Plowman, 1995). Yellow Freight (example 5) decided to reengineer because of external factors related to governmental or political pressure. Internal drivers Many organisational strategic and structural changes are centred on IT-enabled reengineering (Venkatraman, 1993).Parcel serve well (example 6), found that they had to improve their technology in order to survive in the competitive shipping business. Changes in organisational strategy whitethorn involve some reengineering efforts to bring about the new business cravings (Keen, 1991). The desire to reduce cost was one major reason that l ed First National Bank of Chicago (example 7) to reengineer. Changes of capability in terms of processes, methods, skills competencies, attitudes and behaviours can also be considered as internal drivers (Plowman, 1995).Arco Chemical (example 8) is one such company who reengineered to achieve dramatic company-wide improvements, increase organizational efficiencies, and reduce through and throughput time. Plowman (1995) views business transformation as a journey driven by a strategy that golf plug ins short-term changes to capability in terms of processes, skills and expression, with long-term changes to position the business among its competitors and customers. Ryder System Inc (example 9). reengineering efforts began with a rethink of its view of the market and a readjustment of the companys strategic focus.The following is a figure showing the result of survey (example 10) on the factors that trigger reengineering in the UK pic Figure 2 Factors driving reengineering (Tennant and Yi-Chieh, 2005) The following is a figure showing the result of survey (example 11) on the goal and objectives meant to be achieved through reengineering in the UK pic Figure 3 Goals and objectives of reengineering (Tennant and Yi-Chieh, 2005) 2. 4 What characterises reengineering Focus on business processes Reengineering focuses on the core concept of business process rather than on function, product or service.As business processes are the manner in which work gets done within an organisation, they are a distinguishing characteristic among organisations (Venkatraman, 1994), and thus a significant factor leading to competitive edge (Hinterhuber, 1995). In addition, the excreta of functional bias can only be best done by adopting process orientation to gain substantial business improvement (Andreu etal. , 1997). By focusing on core activities, Singapore Airlines (example 12) reengineered efforts are expected to help Singapore grow 8-10 er cent per year until the end of the decade. noion of radicalness Reengineering involves radical and fundamental changes, and it formulates from the need to recognise that long-established ways emphasising on control and cost cutting are being replaced by organisational focus towards improving quality, the customer, and innovation, rather than (Hammer, 1990). Honeywell Inc (example 13) in order to keep up with the global competition reenginerined their process from being focused on efficiency to being focued on quality Use of ITHammer (1990) considers IT as a major tool and a fundamental enabler of reengineering efforts and emphasises the need to use modern IT to support for its death penalty. IT reshapes and take a craps new rough-and-ready business processes in that it has the potential difference to facilitate the full stop of information among globally-distributed processes, and ensures the availability of instantaneous and consistent information across the business (Tapscott and Caston, 1993). Western Provident ( example 14) is a company which is descry for extensive of technology. make for organisational change Reengineering results in change, and successful reengineering implementation requires fundamental organisational change in terms of organisational structure, subtlety and vigilance processes (Davenport, 1993a). CIGNA Technology (example 15) Services went through a heathen change, from a focus on technology to one on processes and business performance. Change management is a tool used to manage such a change. 2. 5 Reengineering approaches, methodologies, techniques and tools Reengineering approachesReengineering approaches can be viewed based on the different focuses that reengineering efforts whitethorn emphasise IT, strategy, quality management, operations, and human resources (Edwards and Peppard, 1994a). According to Klein (1994), Reengineering is contextual and believes that having a structured approach to it is impossible. Reengineering methodologies Caterpillar (example 16) tied much of its cost saving success to its reengineering methodology (Paper and Dickinson, 1997). Its methodology is systematic as it provides a disciplined puzzle-solving approach and acts as a rallying point for everyone involved along the process path.Many structure-based methodologies have been proposed for reengineering implementation. However, most have common elements and view reengineering efforts as a top-down implementation project (Earl and Khan, 1994). Figure 4 summarises the major stages of eight representative reengineering methodologies. Figure 4 Reengineering methodologies pic (Kettinger et al. , 1997) Despite the differences among these methodologies, they all confirm that some indwelling components must exist, such as strategies and goals setting feasibility abbreviation of a reengineering project process analysis and imaginging top management commitment and sponsorship understanding of customer requirements and performance measurement integration with T QM and benchmarking recognition of IT capabilities cross-functional teams and chat prototyping and process mapping techniques and organisational change to re-engineer management systems and organisation. Reengineering techniques Kettinger etal. (1997) show that at least 72 techniques are used to carry out ctivities related to reengineering projects. These techniques were almost all developed in other contexts and imported to the reengineering field. Each technique is mapped to their associated stages in the reengineering cloth. and describe some as representative of each stage in the textile. pic Figure 5 Framework for Reengineering (Kettinger et al. , 1997) Kettinger etal. (1997) also suggest an approach of selecting techniques for a specific reengineering project. This approach, however, presumes that a customised methodology has been developed in advance.Based on the objective of their application, he identify 11 groups under which a number of techniques are set. pic Fig ure 6 Groups of reengineering technique (Kettinger et al. , 1997) 2. 6 Strategy implementation Bartlett and Ghoshal (1987, p. 12) noted that in all the companies they studied the issue was not a poor understanding of environmental forces or hostile strategic intent. Without exception, they knew what they had to do their difficulties lay in how to achieve the necessary changes.Supporting this, Miller (2002) reports that organizations fail to implement more than 70 percent of their new strategic initiatives. Given the significance of this area, the focus in the field of strategic management has now shifted from the expression of strategy to its implementation (Hussey, 1998). There is no agreed-upon and dominant framework in strategy implementation. Concerning this, Alexander (1991, p. 74) has stated that One key reason why implementation fails is that practicing executives, managers and supervisors do not have practical, yet theoretically sound, models to black market their achiev es during implementation.Without adequate models, they try to implement strategies without a good understanding of the multiple factors that must be addressed, often simultaneously, to make implementation work. Warid Telecom (example 17) precisely fail to their process for this reason when they started operation in Bangladesh According to Alexander (1985), the ten most frequently occurring strategy implementation problems include underestimating the time needed for implementation and major problems surfacing that had not been anticipated, in addition uncontrollable factors in the external environment had an adverse impact.Beer and Eisenstat, (2000) states that top-down/laissez-faire senior management style unclear strategic intentions and conflicting priorities an ineffective senior management team poor vertical communication weak co-ordination across functions, businesses or borders and inadequate down-the-line lead skills development are also classic reasons for implementation f ailure . It is recognised that such change requires a shared vision and consensus and failures of strategy implementation are inevitable if competence, coordination and commitment are lacking (Eisenstat, 1993).Biman Bangladesh Airlines (example 18) has been in totters for the last decade due to its poor strategy implementation which can be credited to the above reasons. zero(prenominal)le (1999b, p. 132) has bring forward noted that There is a significant need for detailed and comprehensive conceptual models related to strategy implementation. To date, implementation research has been pretty fragmented due to a lack of clear models on which to build. There are important similarities between the previous frameworks in terms of the key factors forwarded and the assumptions made.Similarities between frameworks that previous researchers have grouped the implementation factors into a number of categories as follows context, process and outcomes (Bryson and Bromiley, 1993) planning and design (Hrebiniak and Joyce, 1984) realizers and enablers (Miller, 1997) content, context and operation (Dawson, 1994) content, context, process and outcome (Pettigrew, 1987 Okumus, 2001) framework and process components (Skivington and Daft, 1991) context and process (Schmelzer and Olsen, 1994) contextual, system and action levers (Miller and Dess, 1996).Four areas of groupings emerge from an analysis of the above categories. Considering the role and characteristics of each implementation factor, those 11 implementation factors identified earlier can further be grouped into four categories strategic content, strategic context, process and outcome. Strategic content includes the development of strategy. Strategic context is further divided into external and internal context. The former includes environmental uncertainty and the internal context includes organizational structure, destination and leadership. Operational process includes operational planning, resource allo cation, people, communication and control. Outcome includes results of the implementation process. pic Figure 7 Framework for strategy implementation (Okumus, 2001) 2. 7 Factors related to implementing reengineering The following analyses the reengineering implementation process by reviewing the relevant literature on reengineering efforts. They are categorised into a number of subgroups representing various dimensions of change related to reengineering implementation. These dimensions areFactors relating to change management systems and culture Change management, which involves all human- and social-related changes and cultural adjustment techniques needed by management to facilitate the insertion of newly-designed processes and structures into working practice and to deal effectively with resistance, is considered by many researchers to be a polar component of any reengineering efforts (Carr, 1993). telling communication throughout the change process at all levels and for all audiences, is considered a major key to successful reengineering -related change efforts (Davenport, 1993).Discontinues in leadership, and lack of communication contributed the reengineering failure at Teleco (Example 19) As reengineering results in decisions being pushed down to lower levels, empowerment of staff and teams to establish a culture in which staff at all levels feel more responsible and accountable and it promotes a self-management and collaborative teamwork culture is critical for successful reengineering (Mumford, 1995). Empowerment was at the heart of reengineering Honeywell (example 20) when they reengineered.Training and education in reengineering -related concept, skills, and techniques as well as interpersonal and IT skills, are an important component of successful reengineering implementation (Zairi and Sinclair, 1995). FixCo (example 21) carried out a number of workshops for training the staff about their reengineering process. Factors relating to management c ompetence Sound management processes ensure that reengineering efforts willing be implemented in the most effective manner (Bashein et al. , 1994). The most oticeable managerial practices that directly influence the success of reengineering implementation are top management support and commitment, championship and sponsorship, and effective management of risks. Organisational culture influences the organisations ability to adapt to change (Hammer and Champy, 1993). It helps in understanding and conforming to the new values, management processes, and the communication styles (Bruss and Roos, 1993).. Corporation ABC (example 22) needed to create an organizational culture ready to change as they had to redesign their quality systems.Commitment and leadership in the upper echelons of management are often cited as the most important factors of a successful reengineering project (Rastogi, 1994). adequate authority and knowledge, and proper communication with all parts in the change proce ss, are important in dealing with organisational resistance during reengineering implementation (Hammer and Champy, 1993). Top level commitment was the key for successful implementation of reengineering in Blue Shield California (example 23)Factors relating to organisational structure As reengineering creates new processes that define jobs and responsibilities across the existing organisational functions (Davenport and Short, 1990), there is a clear need to create a new organisational structure which determines how reengineering teams are press release to look, how human resources are integrated, and how the new jobs and responsibilities are going to be formalised. Mobil Oil (example 24) had a rethink of there organizational structure in their reengineering.Cross-functional reengineering teams are a critical component of successful reengineering implementation (Johansson et al. , 1993). Teams should be adequately composed (Hagel, 1993). Team members should be experienced in variety of techniques (Carr and Johansson, 1995). Teams should be made up of people from both inside and outside the organisation (Hammer and Champy, 1993). Liberty Mutual (Example 25) used cross-functional teams and loss prevention expert to implement the reengineering process Factors related to reengineering project managementSuccessful reengineering implementation is highly dependent on an effective reengineering programme management which includes adequate strategic alignment, effective planning and project management techniques, identification of performance measures, adequate resources, appropriate use of methodology, external orientation and learning, effective use of consultants, building process vision, effective process redesign, integrating reengineering with other improvement techniques (Zairi and Sinclair, 1995), and adequate identification of the reengineering value (Guha et al. 1993). Honeywell (example 26) would be a prime example in their execution of redesigning their qua lity measures. As corporate strategy determines objectives and focus on how organisational capabilities can be best utilised to gain competitive position, reengineering strategy (Hammer, 1990). Therefore, a consideration of the strategic context of growth and expansion (Bashein et al. 1994), creating a top-level strategy to guide change (Carr, 1993), and careful alignment of corporate strategy with reengineering strategy (Jackson, 1997) are crucial to the success of reengineering efforts. Mitsibushi Electric Corp (example 27) took immense care in this factor. Factors related to IT infrastructure Factors related to IT infrastructure have been increasingly considered by many researchers and practitioners as a vital component of successful reengineering efforts (Brancheau et al. 1996). Effective alignment of IT infrastructure and reengineering strategy, building an effective IT infrastructure, adequate IT infrastructure investment decision, adequate measurement of IT infrastructure e ffectiveness, proper IS integration, effective re-engineering of legacy IS, increasing IT function competency, and effective use of software tools are the most important factors that contribute to the success of reengineering projects.Connecticut Mutual Life (example 28), reengineered their complete IT infrastructure in order to increase productivity. Figure 8 Factors related to the implementation of reengineering (Al-Mashari and Mohamed, 1999) 2. 8 Definition of fad counsel fads are defined as managerial interventions which appear to be innovative, rational, and functional and are aimed at encouraging better organizational performance. 2. 9 Characteristics of fadsCost/ profit analysis One moderator of fad evolution is the cost/benefit of the intervention, although these two variables may significantly differ depending upon whether the organization adopts a short-term or a long-term perspective (Laverty, 1996) as with a long-term perspective may be more likely to sustain and give a fad sufficient time to reap positivistic benefits, propelling it to trend or collective wisdom status. But short-term gains should also be evident to encourage the resilience needed for long-term rewards to be realized (Chaudron, 1996).Degree of worry in implementation Differences between expected ease of implementation and actual ease of implementation will contribute to an organizations desire to outride in the courses of action required by the fad. If a fads implementation process is no more difficult than expected, it is more likely to evolve into a trend. Effectiveness of the fad Effectiveness is measured in terms of realized improvement in operational performance. Following adoption of a fad, firms may find themselves incapable, effective, efficient, best-in-class, or world class.Fads which assist organizations in moving upward on this continuum will likely have institutionalized and mature into a trend or collective wisdom. 2. 10 Life cycle of a fad A significant predic tor of whether firms will likely adopt fads is the stage at which the intervention is located in the life-cycle of fads. Fads typically progress through an established life-cycle (Ettorre, 1997), although the length of time required for forward motion to each of these stages varies (Crainer, 1996). offers significant benefits, in terms of both number and strength is adaptable to the specific needs of an organization addresses the underlying cause of a problem rather than a symptom fits with other common interventions and programs in place (for example 29, TQM and MBO programs are antithetical in that their basic tenets are contradictory) and is supported by key users and proponents, as well as by objective assessments of effectiveness 3. 0 Strategy implementation and reengineering in practice The case of Honeywells TotalPlantTM look-alike 3. 1 TotalPlantTM at Honeywell The Honeywell industrial automation and control (IAC) plant designs world-class systems that enable process-c ontrol capability. In 1999, senior management decided to implement a fast ISO 9000-certified quality program in order to unify business and control information to enable global customer satisfaction. This program was named TotalPlantTM. Four critical principles The TotalPlantTM simulacrum is based on four critical principles of success (1) Process mapping.Process mapping is crucial for employees to see the big picture as opposed to focusing solely on their role within the procedure. It also creates a common language for dealing with changes to business processes. (2) Fail-safing. While process mapping diagrams the entire flow of a business process, fail-safing is done to diagnose a defect within the process. (3) Teamwork. Teamwork does not occur naturally. Honeywell encouraged teaming through special workshops, by creating a manufacturing vision that fostered teamwork and by endorsing cross-training. 4) Effective communication skills. Communication of the TotalPlantTM vision is pa ramount to success. Honeywell provided conflict resolution training to teams to help them deal with conflict in a positive way. (Paper et. al, 2001) 3. 2 Application of literature Honeywell learned a number of lessons as a result of their TotalPlantTM program, all of which have implications for any future initiatives. They discovered that people are the key enablers of change you must question everything people need a systematic methodology to map processes creating eam ownership and a culture of dissatisfaction ensures more employee involvement management attitude and behavior can squash projects bottom-up or empowered implementation is most effective reengineering must be business-driven and ceaseless setting stretch goals can facilitate greater employee effort implementation is the real difference between success and failure. Change is a fundamental view of reengineering. Top management needs to communicate to its people why the change is necessary and how it will impa ct everyones current job and future with the company.Sufficient time and resources is dedicated to ensuring that the organization as a whole understood, wanted and supported change. 4. 0 Conclusion and recommendation Implying the term fad with reengineering is apparently a disputable issue. If taken into context of the definition and characteristics a fad has, reengineering does hold a number of features that creates an aura which surrounds a fad. Its pledge of being strategy which improves performance by improving productivity and efficiency and its disguised nature of the ease of implementation does engender staggering semblance to that of a fad.Moreover, there are issues where reengineering would credibly fall short when it comes to its exploitation as a trend. Reengineering normally wouldnt fit into an organization culture, in contrary the management is forced to create new culture where in order to adopt reengineering. Conversely, reengineering does also contain features that a re a requisite for being a trend or wisdom. If implemented aptly, reengineering does provide significant benefits that simply cant be ignored. Its association with improvement in efficiency, productivity, and quality of product or service, is an asset that any company would desire to attain.Furthermore, reengineering does address the underlying cause of the problem and with the support and commitment of top management in its implementation process it can provide a unyielding value to a business. Hallmarks, Hewlett-Packard (example 30) are to name a couple of companies who have benefited from reengineering. What really made the difference is proper implementation. 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Dracula Coursework

TRAN5291M Traffic Network Modelling Assignment Dracula Coursework Student ID Number 200750558 Lecturer Dr. Ronghui Liu Submission realise 12/03/2013 Semester Semester 2 Academic Year 2012-2013 Words 1546 Table of Content 1. Introduction. 3 2. Task coding for only iftocks scenario 3 Task C (Simulation for proposed mass highway evasion) 4 4. Task D (comparison of cumulus balk and plenty lay by) 5 5. Task E (Proposed Scheme). . 7 6. Conclusion.. 9 7. Reference.. 0 1. Introduction Otley is a market town in the outskirts of Leeds having population of 14124(National statistics. 2004). Otley town council wants to patronage public witch aid by alter rider vehicle run to market and improving local environment by traffic reduction. We as a transport planner commence been tasked to measure the effectiveness of inclusion of lot way on refer 24-17 which is a two lane carriage way serving all traffic, withal to consider a change of muckle layby to a bus breach look-alike 1 Ot ley NetworkThe bus service in on route from z whiz 105 to 109 with a frequency of one every 10 minutes. Data collected from Dracula after simulation for bus route which grow 2 bus stop and one layby holds the fundament scenario for this report and also to which the proposed end is comp ared. 2. Task coding for base scenario 2. Simulation of the Base Scenario For base scenario, the network is coded with 2 bus stop on link 24-17 and 15-9 and a bus lay by on link 16-15, 5 iteration were done with random NSEED no which are shown in table 1 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 NSEED 12345 23456 34567 45678 56789 Table 1. Random NSEED no. Data collected for this simulation in this report included average out come journey age for cars and buses over the network for 5 days which was 90. 26 seconds with standard deviation of 2. 26 for cars and 354. 68 seconds with standard deviation of 7. 55 for buses. The total Journey time data was taken from . REB file Figure 1. Base scenario average jour ney time for 5 days 3 Task C 3. 1Simulation for proposed bus lane schemeSimulation for proposed bus lane on link 24-17 were carried with same NSEED no as in the base scenario with respective days. Figure 2. Average journey time with bus lane As the graph indicates average total journey time for cars is 89. 62 and for bus is 339. 48 sec ,which has decreased in comparison with the base scenario. When the average journey times for the base scenario is compared with the proposed bus lane scheme as shown in witness 3,it was observed that although the journey time with the inclusion of bus lane aim decreased but the deviation from the mean is high compared to base scenario.As from the figure 3 the maximum deviation for the bus lane scheme not much higher as in the case of base scenario but with a minimum deviation there is a probability that journey time with bus lane scheme can reduce further. Figure 3. comparison of avg. journey times for base scenario and bus lane journey time In ca se of cars the change in average total journey time does not have a significant impact as the journey time in the base scenario changes year 90. 26 hours to 89. 26 hours and also the phantasm keep out in both the cases is vey less.Figure 4. Average journey time for cars The average government issue of passengers in the bus lane scheme have decreased from 163 passengers to 158 and also the error bar in the bus lane scheme is high compared to base scenario, shown in Table 1 Bus lane scheme avg Error bar Base scenario avg Error bar Npsg 158. 2 20. 5 163. 6 7. 68 Pdelay(m) 761. 28 110. 598 777. 82 57. 29 Tdwell(s) 1082 224. 9 1100. 6 98. 36 Table 1Comparision of base scenario and bus lane scheme for busThe passenger delay and bus dwell time have rather decreased but the error bar in the respective cases for bus lane scheme are high compared to base scenario. Although the journey time, number of passenger, passenger delay and bus dwell time are decreasing in bus lane scheme compared to base scenario but the error bar are comparatively high, hence it is more appropriate to have a reliable system and inclusion of bus lane would not affect the general current bus service of the otley network significantly, but its inclusion can improve certain parts of the network which are significant in improving public transport service . Task D (comparison of bus stop and bus lay by) Analysing the performance of lay by on link 17- 15 with no bus lane the average total journey time for cars almost remained the same and does not have any significant impact . solely in case of bus the total journey time with layby was more when compared with the bus stop scenario, also the error bar in the bus top scenario was smaller that of a layby scenario, as shown in figure 5 Figure 6. comparison of average journey time for bus layby and bus stop scenario.Comparing the average no of passengers ,passenger delay time and bus dwell time the bus lay by scenario was better than the bus stop sce nario as the number of passenger decreased in bus stop scenario with bigger error bar compared to base scenario, passenger delay does not have a significant impact but bus dwell time was smaller than the base scenario but the value for error bar is just biramous in the bus stop scenario ,as shown in table 7. Bus stop scenario avg Error bar Bus layby scenario avg Error bar Npsg 158. 4 16. 9 163. 6 7. 68 Pdelay(m) 779. 87 96. 64 777. 82 57. 29 Tdwell(s) 1080. 4 183. 63 1100. 6 98. 36 Table 2. Comparison of bus stop and bus lay by scenario In case of Queuing delay bus lay bay have larger queuing delay than bus stop queuing delay, as shown in figure 7 Figure 7. comparison of queuing delay for bus layby and bus stop More Queuing delay in bus layby than that in bus stop case is because once bus get off the road to pick passengers, bus have to face congestion because of other cars which are already in the route .Comparing the average speed for bus in both the scenarios buses on link 16 - 15 with bus stop have higher average speed than the case of a layby, as shown in figure 8 Figure 8. comparison of average speed for bus Bus also create congestion for other vehicle while they are boarding or deboarding the passengers. Performance flow on link 16 -15 for cars is shown in figure 9 Figure 9. Comparison of performed flow for cars Figure above show that the performance flow for cars was better in case of bus stop than that of a layby.Analysing the simulation for both bus stop and bus lay by the average journey time for bus top was significantly smaller compared to bus lay by on link 16-15,other factors such as average speed ,no of passengers ,passenger delay time and bus dwell time does not have a significant impact . Hence replacing bus layby with a bus stop would be beneficial and would encourage more use of goods and services of public transport service. 5. Task E (Proposed Scheme) Improvement of public transport service can be done if passengers already have seasona l worker tickets, this lead reduce the bus dwell time and would also decrease the passenger delay at the bus stop.Proposal is given for a bus lane of continuance on link 24-17 with a bus stop on link 16 -15 and encouraging 50 percent of the passengers to have seasonal tickets. Frequency of the bus is kept the same as in the case of base scenario Improving infrastructure could be helpful in improving public transport service as on the network there are sharp turns which cause manoeuvring difficulties and causes some of the time delay (e. g. turn from link 24-17 to 17-15) The average journey time for proposed scheme is shown in figure 10As shown in the above graph the average journey time have decreased considerably after inclusion of seasonal ticket, bus lane and bus stop on link 16 -15. Although the error bar for the proposed scheme is double of the base scenario but the maximum error of the proposed scheme is lesser than the minimum error for the base scenario. In terms of enviro nment the proposed scheme does not have a huge impact on environment, as the co2,NOx and hydrocarbon emission are nearly same in both the cases, as shown in table 3. Pollutants emission and fuel consumption Base scenario Proposed scheme Avg Error Bar Avg Error Bar Co2 (Kg) 33. 71 1. 37 34. 11 0. 37 Nox(Kg) 0. 694 0. 03 0. 7 0. 007 Hc (Kg) 2. 28 0. 09 2. 318 0. 02 Fuel (L) 158 6. 45 159. 5 1. 7 Table 3. Pollutant emission in base scenario and proposed scheme Comparing the queuing delay for both the scenarios ,queuing delay for bus in proposed scheme was lesser as compared to that of the base scenario. Figure 11. Comparison of queuing delay for proposed scheme and base scenarioWith inclusion of bus stop and bus lane the average speed for busses increases form 12. 23 kmph to 14. 95 kmph as shown in figure12 When comparing the average no of passengers ,passenger delay at bus stop and bus dwell time we see that the no of passenger at the bus stop have increased and bus dwell t ime have decreased which is beneficial in improvement of public transport services. 6. Conclusion In the proposed scheme for the otley network in Dracula the inclusion of bus lane on link 24-17 and a bus stop on link 16-15 is beneficial . lso 50 percent of passengers having seasonal ticket is an advantage as it is reducing the bus dwell time and also the bus total journey time. 7. Reference 1. Office for National Statistics. (2004). Neighbourhood statistics. Available http//www. neighbourhood. statistics. gov. uk/dissemination/viewFullDataset. dojsessionid=zqGzR8CX0hh2WhLzqnHLh6GKBsqNYD19kNYPFXyCkSQjL4BBM092 1701030348 1362936375650? instanceSelection=03070&productId=7. Last accessed 10/03/2013. 2. Dr. Ronghui Liu (2005). Dracula manual. ITS,LEEDS Handouts. 1-147.